i posted this several times before but it wont post....so i hope it does this time...this is from Thursday last week
Judiciary
The supreme leader appoints the head of the judiciary the title is chief judge. By definition, the chief judge must be a cleric. The courts system is supposed to be independent but its political role in practice reflects the ideological make up of the judges who are almost conservative clerics. They have a penal code refered to as retribution law based on a narrow read of the sharia, their penal code permits injured families blood money, which is on the principle of an eye for an eye (or a life for a life). The penal code mandates the death penalty for a long list of moral transgressions including adultery, homosexuality, drug trafficking, habitual drinking. It sanctions stoning, live burials, and amputations. The code treated men and women differently. There is an appeals system, the government appoints and can dismiss judges, the harsh punishment prescribed are rarely implemented. The court system is supposed to be independent but it is not in practice. Limited by the fact that to a person the people who get appointed to the jobs are very conservative clerics. The chief judge is a cleric and when the government goes to appoint other judges, the come out to be conservative clerics; consequently, we got a set of judges who are going to be enforcing the Islamic law. There is an appeals system and a hierarchy of courts. The guardian council decides whether or not a law is passed or not.
The bureaucracy and less than efficiently managed public sector dating back to the expansion of the shahs bureau (before the revolution) and dating to the states expropriation of property at the time of the revolution. Since the revolution the bureaucracy has been staffed by a group of non-cleric technocrats. Technocrats tend to be more educated. The technocrats of the bureaucracy maintain close ties with the church, they are sometimes referred to as the second stratum (layer) of the states and they gain education and upward mobility under the Islamic republic. Today we have bureaucrats that are rather docile functionary, they are a-political in the sense that they will work for any president cabinet. they are career civil servants and its generally said that iran’s bureaucracy is bigger than it needs to be- it’s a bit large. Its plagued with clientilism, corruption, mismanagement, patronage- these are present in probably every system. The patron client corruption really did not come up that much. The other part of the bureaucracy is the military establishment. There are two parts, one is the regular army and the other is a group called the revolutionary guards (were formed during the 79 rev). They have the job of maintaining internal security while the army is to safeguard the borders and fight off invasions. Unlike Nigeria, which has a long history of military coups and a history of rule by military leaders and military government, Iran’s military has not played an interventionist role in the country’s politics. All through the turmoil following the 79rev, the military respected orderly transfer of power, it followed the direction of the ayatollah Khomeini (which the rule is the military should stay out of politics, so they did.) it would be true that the rake and file of the revolutionary guard show signs of being divided into reformist and conservatives. The bigger point, however, the revolutionary guards are extremely loyal to the supreme leader. The guards come along during the revolution and are part of the people that helped bring Khomeini back so it is consistent with their origin.
Showing posts with label Norah :D. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Norah :D. Show all posts
Thursday, April 9, 2009
i posted this several times before but it wont post....so i hope it does this time...this is from Thursday last week
Judiciary
The supreme leader appoints the head of the judiciary the title is chief judge. By definition, the chief judge must be a cleric. The courts system is supposed to be independent but its political role in practice reflects the ideological make up of the judges who are almost conservative clerics. They have a penal code refered to as retribution law based on a narrow read of the sharia, their penal code permits injured families blood money, which is on the principle of an eye for an eye (or a life for a life). The penal code mandates the death penalty for a long list of moral transgressions including adultery, homosexuality, drug trafficking, habitual drinking. It sanctions stoning, live burials, and amputations. The code treated men and women differently. There is an appeals system, the government appoints and can dismiss judges, the harsh punishment prescribed are rarely implemented. The court system is supposed to be independent but it is not in practice. Limited by the fact that to a person the people who get appointed to the jobs are very conservative clerics. The chief judge is a cleric and when the government goes to appoint other judges, the come out to be conservative clerics; consequently, we got a set of judges who are going to be enforcing the Islamic law. There is an appeals system and a hierarchy of courts. The guardian council decides whether or not a law is passed or not.
The bureaucracy and less than efficiently managed public sector dating back to the expansion of the shahs bureau (before the revolution) and dating to the states expropriation of property at the time of the revolution. Since the revolution the bureaucracy has been staffed by a group of non-cleric technocrats. Technocrats tend to be more educated. The technocrats of the bureaucracy maintain close ties with the church, they are sometimes referred to as the second stratum (layer) of the states and they gain education and upward mobility under the Islamic republic. Today we have bureaucrats that are rather docile functionary, they are a-political in the sense that they will work for any president cabinet. they are career civil servants and its generally said that iran’s bureaucracy is bigger than it needs to be- it’s a bit large. Its plagued with clientilism, corruption, mismanagement, patronage- these are present in probably every system. The patron client corruption really did not come up that much. The other part of the bureaucracy is the military establishment. There are two parts, one is the regular army and the other is a group called the revolutionary guards (were formed during the 79 rev). They have the job of maintaining internal security while the army is to safeguard the borders and fight off invasions. Unlike Nigeria, which has a long history of military coups and a history of rule by military leaders and military government, Iran’s military has not played an interventionist role in the country’s politics. All through the turmoil following the 79rev, the military respected orderly transfer of power, it followed the direction of the ayatollah Khomeini (which the rule is the military should stay out of politics, so they did.) it would be true that the rake and file of the revolutionary guard show signs of being divided into reformist and conservatives. The bigger point, however, the revolutionary guards are extremely loyal to the supreme leader. The guards come along during the revolution and are part of the people that helped bring Khomeini back so it is consistent with their origin.
Judiciary
The supreme leader appoints the head of the judiciary the title is chief judge. By definition, the chief judge must be a cleric. The courts system is supposed to be independent but its political role in practice reflects the ideological make up of the judges who are almost conservative clerics. They have a penal code refered to as retribution law based on a narrow read of the sharia, their penal code permits injured families blood money, which is on the principle of an eye for an eye (or a life for a life). The penal code mandates the death penalty for a long list of moral transgressions including adultery, homosexuality, drug trafficking, habitual drinking. It sanctions stoning, live burials, and amputations. The code treated men and women differently. There is an appeals system, the government appoints and can dismiss judges, the harsh punishment prescribed are rarely implemented. The court system is supposed to be independent but it is not in practice. Limited by the fact that to a person the people who get appointed to the jobs are very conservative clerics. The chief judge is a cleric and when the government goes to appoint other judges, the come out to be conservative clerics; consequently, we got a set of judges who are going to be enforcing the Islamic law. There is an appeals system and a hierarchy of courts. The guardian council decides whether or not a law is passed or not.
The bureaucracy and less than efficiently managed public sector dating back to the expansion of the shahs bureau (before the revolution) and dating to the states expropriation of property at the time of the revolution. Since the revolution the bureaucracy has been staffed by a group of non-cleric technocrats. Technocrats tend to be more educated. The technocrats of the bureaucracy maintain close ties with the church, they are sometimes referred to as the second stratum (layer) of the states and they gain education and upward mobility under the Islamic republic. Today we have bureaucrats that are rather docile functionary, they are a-political in the sense that they will work for any president cabinet. they are career civil servants and its generally said that iran’s bureaucracy is bigger than it needs to be- it’s a bit large. Its plagued with clientilism, corruption, mismanagement, patronage- these are present in probably every system. The patron client corruption really did not come up that much. The other part of the bureaucracy is the military establishment. There are two parts, one is the regular army and the other is a group called the revolutionary guards (were formed during the 79 rev). They have the job of maintaining internal security while the army is to safeguard the borders and fight off invasions. Unlike Nigeria, which has a long history of military coups and a history of rule by military leaders and military government, Iran’s military has not played an interventionist role in the country’s politics. All through the turmoil following the 79rev, the military respected orderly transfer of power, it followed the direction of the ayatollah Khomeini (which the rule is the military should stay out of politics, so they did.) it would be true that the rake and file of the revolutionary guard show signs of being divided into reformist and conservatives. The bigger point, however, the revolutionary guards are extremely loyal to the supreme leader. The guards come along during the revolution and are part of the people that helped bring Khomeini back so it is consistent with their origin.
i posted this several times before but it wont post....so i hope it does this time...this is from Thursday last week
Judiciary
The supreme leader appoints the head of the judiciary the title is chief judge. By definition, the chief judge must be a cleric. The courts system is supposed to be independent but its political role in practice reflects the ideological make up of the judges who are almost conservative clerics. They have a penal code refered to as retribution law based on a narrow read of the sharia, their penal code permits injured families blood money, which is on the principle of an eye for an eye (or a life for a life). The penal code mandates the death penalty for a long list of moral transgressions including adultery, homosexuality, drug trafficking, habitual drinking. It sanctions stoning, live burials, and amputations. The code treated men and women differently. There is an appeals system, the government appoints and can dismiss judges, the harsh punishment prescribed are rarely implemented. The court system is supposed to be independent but it is not in practice. Limited by the fact that to a person the people who get appointed to the jobs are very conservative clerics. The chief judge is a cleric and when the government goes to appoint other judges, the come out to be conservative clerics; consequently, we got a set of judges who are going to be enforcing the Islamic law. There is an appeals system and a hierarchy of courts. The guardian council decides whether or not a law is passed or not.
The bureaucracy and less than efficiently managed public sector dating back to the expansion of the shahs bureau (before the revolution) and dating to the states expropriation of property at the time of the revolution. Since the revolution the bureaucracy has been staffed by a group of non-cleric technocrats. Technocrats tend to be more educated. The technocrats of the bureaucracy maintain close ties with the church, they are sometimes referred to as the second stratum (layer) of the states and they gain education and upward mobility under the Islamic republic. Today we have bureaucrats that are rather docile functionary, they are a-political in the sense that they will work for any president cabinet. they are career civil servants and its generally said that iran’s bureaucracy is bigger than it needs to be- it’s a bit large. Its plagued with clientilism, corruption, mismanagement, patronage- these are present in probably every system. The patron client corruption really did not come up that much. The other part of the bureaucracy is the military establishment. There are two parts, one is the regular army and the other is a group called the revolutionary guards (were formed during the 79 rev). They have the job of maintaining internal security while the army is to safeguard the borders and fight off invasions. Unlike Nigeria, which has a long history of military coups and a history of rule by military leaders and military government, Iran’s military has not played an interventionist role in the country’s politics. All through the turmoil following the 79rev, the military respected orderly transfer of power, it followed the direction of the ayatollah Khomeini (which the rule is the military should stay out of politics, so they did.) it would be true that the rake and file of the revolutionary guard show signs of being divided into reformist and conservatives. The bigger point, however, the revolutionary guards are extremely loyal to the supreme leader. The guards come along during the revolution and are part of the people that helped bring Khomeini back so it is consistent with their origin.
Judiciary
The supreme leader appoints the head of the judiciary the title is chief judge. By definition, the chief judge must be a cleric. The courts system is supposed to be independent but its political role in practice reflects the ideological make up of the judges who are almost conservative clerics. They have a penal code refered to as retribution law based on a narrow read of the sharia, their penal code permits injured families blood money, which is on the principle of an eye for an eye (or a life for a life). The penal code mandates the death penalty for a long list of moral transgressions including adultery, homosexuality, drug trafficking, habitual drinking. It sanctions stoning, live burials, and amputations. The code treated men and women differently. There is an appeals system, the government appoints and can dismiss judges, the harsh punishment prescribed are rarely implemented. The court system is supposed to be independent but it is not in practice. Limited by the fact that to a person the people who get appointed to the jobs are very conservative clerics. The chief judge is a cleric and when the government goes to appoint other judges, the come out to be conservative clerics; consequently, we got a set of judges who are going to be enforcing the Islamic law. There is an appeals system and a hierarchy of courts. The guardian council decides whether or not a law is passed or not.
The bureaucracy and less than efficiently managed public sector dating back to the expansion of the shahs bureau (before the revolution) and dating to the states expropriation of property at the time of the revolution. Since the revolution the bureaucracy has been staffed by a group of non-cleric technocrats. Technocrats tend to be more educated. The technocrats of the bureaucracy maintain close ties with the church, they are sometimes referred to as the second stratum (layer) of the states and they gain education and upward mobility under the Islamic republic. Today we have bureaucrats that are rather docile functionary, they are a-political in the sense that they will work for any president cabinet. they are career civil servants and its generally said that iran’s bureaucracy is bigger than it needs to be- it’s a bit large. Its plagued with clientilism, corruption, mismanagement, patronage- these are present in probably every system. The patron client corruption really did not come up that much. The other part of the bureaucracy is the military establishment. There are two parts, one is the regular army and the other is a group called the revolutionary guards (were formed during the 79 rev). They have the job of maintaining internal security while the army is to safeguard the borders and fight off invasions. Unlike Nigeria, which has a long history of military coups and a history of rule by military leaders and military government, Iran’s military has not played an interventionist role in the country’s politics. All through the turmoil following the 79rev, the military respected orderly transfer of power, it followed the direction of the ayatollah Khomeini (which the rule is the military should stay out of politics, so they did.) it would be true that the rake and file of the revolutionary guard show signs of being divided into reformist and conservatives. The bigger point, however, the revolutionary guards are extremely loyal to the supreme leader. The guards come along during the revolution and are part of the people that helped bring Khomeini back so it is consistent with their origin.
Sunday, February 8, 2009
this is the note from thrusay the 5th
Closing Prime Minister
The Prime Minister:
- Chairs the cabinet meeting
- Acts as a spokes person
- Selects rest of cabinet
Most are members of parliament, some are from the House of Commons (which are directly elected by the people, they are used to get closer to the public)
Rule: 2 must be from the house or Lords
22 members of cabinet, 20 from the cabins and 2 from the House of Lords
Legislative branch
- Parliament’s influence on policy is limited
- Policy made by cabinet after discussion on the policy and after the PM buys the conclusion
Govt has another meaning in a parliamentary system, it might mean just the PM and the cabinet acting together.
- All proposed bills from PM and Cabinet are strongly acted on
- In one year a PM can secure passage for every policy introduced by them, and can be deemed a vote of confidence
- If a vote of confidence is done, every member of majority party is expected to vote for bill
If not them the parliament will dissolve
This can be used as a tool of the majority party
New elections would be held in weeks
The risk: opposition may be voted in as the majority party and the original majority party may lose their public stance
- Occasionally there is a free vote otherwise it’s the party line, and members can vote either way
- Britain has 2 houses of legislation
Has minimal influence on policy
There are three types of lords: hereditary peers, life peers, law lords.
• The law lords cannot rule acts of parliament unconstitutional even though they are the highest courts of appeals
• and the Hereditary peers cannot vote
• the life peers are appointed by PM, are “Anglican entertainers” and church officials
- In 1830 the house of Lords had 1,200 members
- In November of 1999 the lords passed a bill to strip 800 members of their power
House of Lords
- Approve legislations
- Propose amendments to legislations
- Delay passage of legislation through extended debate
- They CANNOT vote down a bill
- Did debate on fox hunting
- Commons is the final authority of proposed
- Becomes a bill after 2 years in a row even if it doesn’t get settled in House of Lords
- There has been a lot of talk about changing the house of lords, if it’s done than they will become an electoral body and they will gain more say in passing legislation
- In march 2007 an advisory vote (not binding) to draw up legislation to make House of Lords and elected body
- 659 members- under 5 year terms
- Prime minister can dissolve this body with royal consent
- They are representatives from single member districts
- Major parties have a technique called parachuting
- Parliamentary party (majority party) is key to British power
- Majority leadership: PM.
- Cabinet is known as front benchers, others are known as back benchers
- Head of largest minority party becomes leader of opposition or “loyal opposition”
Minority party
- Head appoints shadow cabinet
- If curret majority party will lose favor with public then they will become next majority.
- Tasked with watching real cabinet and challenge them in debates
- Most of HOC are debating policy
Don’t pass bills
Just debate good and bad policies
Bureaucracy
- The cabinet’s primary source of power
- Collective responsibility: an industry is expected to support all decisions even if they personally disagree with the policy
- If they can’t do this, they resign
- White hall= bureaucracy
- Ministry officials are ranked and all cabinet positions are appointed in regards to ranking
- In a bureaucracy they might get appointed positions that they mnight not have any interest in
- Career civil servants may work for any partisan in power
- Administrators= civil servants
May flush out details of proposed legislation
- Permanent secretary:
Found in each den
They are assisted by other civil servants
Are all given names (egs: deputy)
Unitary form of government
- Does not have state govt and local govt
- Strategic authority is extensive authority to passing laws in Britain
Local govt carries out jobs like delivering to the population
- Can set local property taxes
- Parliament can take back any delegated authority given to local authorities
Two types of non-elected bodies in Britain
1. Regulatory agencies
2. quangos: quazi autonomists (advisory boards) could be school groups advisory boards. – I really didn’t get what they were so I got the definition from dictionary.com—
Quango - A semi-public advisory and administrative body supported by the government and having most of its members appointed by the government. An organization or agency that is financed by a government but that acts independently of it.
The Prime Minister:
- Chairs the cabinet meeting
- Acts as a spokes person
- Selects rest of cabinet
Most are members of parliament, some are from the House of Commons (which are directly elected by the people, they are used to get closer to the public)
Rule: 2 must be from the house or Lords
22 members of cabinet, 20 from the cabins and 2 from the House of Lords
Legislative branch
- Parliament’s influence on policy is limited
- Policy made by cabinet after discussion on the policy and after the PM buys the conclusion
Govt has another meaning in a parliamentary system, it might mean just the PM and the cabinet acting together.
- All proposed bills from PM and Cabinet are strongly acted on
- In one year a PM can secure passage for every policy introduced by them, and can be deemed a vote of confidence
- If a vote of confidence is done, every member of majority party is expected to vote for bill
If not them the parliament will dissolve
This can be used as a tool of the majority party
New elections would be held in weeks
The risk: opposition may be voted in as the majority party and the original majority party may lose their public stance
- Occasionally there is a free vote otherwise it’s the party line, and members can vote either way
- Britain has 2 houses of legislation
Has minimal influence on policy
There are three types of lords: hereditary peers, life peers, law lords.
• The law lords cannot rule acts of parliament unconstitutional even though they are the highest courts of appeals
• and the Hereditary peers cannot vote
• the life peers are appointed by PM, are “Anglican entertainers” and church officials
- In 1830 the house of Lords had 1,200 members
- In November of 1999 the lords passed a bill to strip 800 members of their power
House of Lords
- Approve legislations
- Propose amendments to legislations
- Delay passage of legislation through extended debate
- They CANNOT vote down a bill
- Did debate on fox hunting
- Commons is the final authority of proposed
- Becomes a bill after 2 years in a row even if it doesn’t get settled in House of Lords
- There has been a lot of talk about changing the house of lords, if it’s done than they will become an electoral body and they will gain more say in passing legislation
- In march 2007 an advisory vote (not binding) to draw up legislation to make House of Lords and elected body
- 659 members- under 5 year terms
- Prime minister can dissolve this body with royal consent
- They are representatives from single member districts
- Major parties have a technique called parachuting
- Parliamentary party (majority party) is key to British power
- Majority leadership: PM.
- Cabinet is known as front benchers, others are known as back benchers
- Head of largest minority party becomes leader of opposition or “loyal opposition”
Minority party
- Head appoints shadow cabinet
- If curret majority party will lose favor with public then they will become next majority.
- Tasked with watching real cabinet and challenge them in debates
- Most of HOC are debating policy
Don’t pass bills
Just debate good and bad policies
Bureaucracy
- The cabinet’s primary source of power
- Collective responsibility: an industry is expected to support all decisions even if they personally disagree with the policy
- If they can’t do this, they resign
- White hall= bureaucracy
- Ministry officials are ranked and all cabinet positions are appointed in regards to ranking
- In a bureaucracy they might get appointed positions that they mnight not have any interest in
- Career civil servants may work for any partisan in power
- Administrators= civil servants
May flush out details of proposed legislation
- Permanent secretary:
Found in each den
They are assisted by other civil servants
Are all given names (egs: deputy)
Unitary form of government
- Does not have state govt and local govt
- Strategic authority is extensive authority to passing laws in Britain
Local govt carries out jobs like delivering to the population
- Can set local property taxes
- Parliament can take back any delegated authority given to local authorities
Two types of non-elected bodies in Britain
1. Regulatory agencies
2. quangos: quazi autonomists (advisory boards) could be school groups advisory boards. – I really didn’t get what they were so I got the definition from dictionary.com—
Quango - A semi-public advisory and administrative body supported by the government and having most of its members appointed by the government. An organization or agency that is financed by a government but that acts independently of it.
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