Notes 3/19 (we went slow ;) )

The Socialization/ Political culture cleavages are
1) Ethnicity
2) Religion
3) Geographic Region
4) Urban/Rural
5) Social Class
Ethnicity and Religion have six exact areas
1 North West- Dominated by the major ethnic group the Hausa-Fulani and are predominately Muslim.
2 North East minority region with a variety of groups and also predominately Muslim.
3 Middle Belt a wide range of groups here mostly minor. Muslims and Christians.
4 South West second largest group, Yoruba are 40 percent, Muslim 40 percent, and the traditional African tribes 20 percent.
5 South East, Igbos 3rd largest and Primarily Christian.
6 The South Minor zone of the Niger and delta with a lot of ethnic groups.

The Nigerian elite are politically active and are urban, well educated, English speaking people who live in the cash economy. Most of Nigeria are part of the masses however who are urban and rural not polemically active, part of the patron-client networks, not well educated and 1/2 of the population is illiterate and don't speak English and live in a subsistence economy, or one of ration. The Elite want a honest, civil liberty, representative government. While the Masses just want results and the government to help. The oil revenues which come into the economy are used for both national and state governmental matters making corruption possible. An example The lowest level of the custom of the airport in Nigeria the Murtala Muhammed International, on one's way into customs the security hands out gift that help you "get through faster" and on the higher level and example is that Bobangida would give brand new automobiles to his supporters. The head of the country and the airport worker have earned the nickname Lutocrats. The phrase "He takes a village to raise a child" refers to the fact that everyone that resides in a village is under the responsibility of the government official should there be one. If someone goes and gets an education he then comes back after making money and is responsible for the village children. The mixing of two ideas; the taking responsibility of the village you call home and the strong patron-client networks results in strong corruption. Illiterate people rely more on the educated to get things done and these people become there Patron who they loyally follow. The Patron who positively access the government funds there clients who get more reward.
The combination of underpinning causes Prebendalism- to give out public government jobs and state Rents based on clients, basically state offices are regarded as prebends that can be appropriated by officeholders, who use them to generate material benefits for themselves and their constituents and kin groups. Rents are monies paid by the national government company by outside sources that fund the state and national government. Culturally the North is different than the south. The
South with oil basis itself on a modern economy and exposure to democracy under the
British. The North is largely monarch and agriculturally inclined.

The Family is the first teacher and is stronger tam loyalties. The support of the family is always there even when away. Between 65-75 percent of children go to primary schools only more so in the south, and in the north more boys go to school. Education is important but few make it beyond primary school as secondary is expensive. Education is in English. The Public attitudes about politics are through government which creates political parties. Local officials of education have a power demand for money and bribes, a junior high school teacher makes people pay 50 bucks for an A! There are 80 national and local competitors for newspapers and magazines which are in English. The TV is mostly government run, so everyone listens to radio for political information as most are illiterate. Cellular devices became popular in 2002 because of unreliable landlines and there's limited access to the internet.

Participation in voting rate have are difficult to calculate the estimate census due to fraud. There is no traditional voting. In 1993 the rate was 46 percent and in 1997 67 percent but this is not very reliable due to fraud. Women couldn't vote in the North until 1979 and is still not frequent. The political elites are divided ethically and religiously. The roots of the elite status are mostly in the North and this is the dominant officer core. There was one military Governor from the Middle belt who played a key role in the head of state. Military officers are well educated. The traditional leaders from the north Muslims are Emirs, the south Yoruba's are kings and the others are village leaders. A large population of well educated professional a, all higher level civil servants with university degrees are not well paid and have not prevented corruption.

The political agenda most likely belongs to ethnic based groups and cities of local farmers and rural areas both initiate protest. Women have the marker association that's common in the south and a vital grassroot to economy. Other organization/groups are the military officer and civilian loose organization who favored Bobangida but then shifted towards Obasanjo the Kaduna Mafia. The Organization of national democratic coalitions in the south west, once favored Abiola, keep going. Labor unions are allowed but not powerful and are difficult due to ethnicity and military governments that diminish power of the unions. The organization of the chambers of commerce are put into effect but not allowed to influence policy. There are a few professional groups the Nigerian Bar (Lawyers), The Nigerian Medical union, the Union of Journalist. The civil groups are less common in rural areas and Patron client networks mostly influence interest groups.

Political parties and the military government don't mix well. Militia rulers ban political parties. However Bobangida created a political party in his run in 1993 and Abacha is said to have helped the 5 political party when nominated in 1997. There are some rules 1) Associated with ethnic groups. 2) Political parties require democracy nationwide support. 3) Between 1998-1999 Political parties allowed organization of 9 parties to have a local election. This was successful and in 1999 a candidate was nominated. The People's Democratic Party nominated Obasanjo who won with a 62 percent change the All People's Party and Alliance Democracy nominated Olu Falae.

The People's Democratic Party was formerly the Nigerian people's Congress of the first republic.
The All People's Party was formerly the Igbo party the National Council of Nigerian Citizens
The Alliance Democracy Party was formerly the Yoruba action group.

These three parites are the national character which recruit organizations of the minorities and primarily in majorities.